THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
INTRODUCTION TO ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS
Few documents in the growth of American democracy are as well known or as beloved as the prose poem Abraham Lincoln delivered at the dedication of the military cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
In June 1863 Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee moved north in an effort to win a dramatic victory that would reverse the South's declining fortunes. On July 1-3, Lee's forces fought the Union army under the command of George C. Meade, and before the fighting ended, the two sides suffered more than 45,000 casualties. Lee, having lost more than a third of his men, retreated, and the Battle of Gettysburg is considered a turning point in the American Civil War.
The dedication of the battlefield and cemetery thus provided Lincoln with an opportunity for a major address, but he disappointed many of his supporters when he gave this short talk. In fact, many of the spectators did not even know the president had started speaking when he finished. But in this talk Lincoln managed, as the great orator Edward Everett (the main speaker at the dedication) understood, to combine all the elements of the battle and the dedication into a unified whole.
These men fought, and died, for the Union. Now their work was done; they had made the supreme sacrifice, and it was up to those living to carry on the task. But Lincoln's rhetoric, as subsequent generations discovered, did far more than memorialize the dead; it transformed the meaning of the Constitution for those still alive. Lincoln read into the Constitution a promise of equality, the "proposition that all men are created equal." That, of course, had been a premise of the Declaration of Independence, but everyone understood that the drafters of that document had not intended to include slaves and other "inferior" peoples in their definition. Now the country had fought a great war to test that notion, and the lives of the men who died at Gettysburg could be hallowed only one way -- if the nation, finally, lived up to the proposition that all of its people, regardless of race, were in fact equal. The power of the idea still informs American democratic thought.
For further reading: James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (1991); Philip B. Kunhardt, A New Birth of Freedom: Lincoln at Gettysburg (1983).
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/gadd/gaphot.html
The Gettysburg Address
The Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln’s most famous speech, was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1863, four and one-half months after the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War.. Although Lincoln's carefully crafted address was secondary to other presentations that day, it ultimately was regarded as one of the great speeches in American history. By invoking the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln redefined the Civil War as not merely a struggle for Union, but instead as "a new birth of freedom" for the United States and its people.Lincoln redefined what it meant to be American. He did this by putting the Declaration of Independence into a new light as the founding law of the nation. It was not the Constitution that created the United States, but the principle that "all men are created equal." In this sense, Lincoln corrected the Constitution. Though infused with the principles of freedom and liberty, the Gettysburg Address made no mention of emancipation or slavery. Lincoln wanted to rise above the present problems and forge ahead to a larger, universal goal for the United States.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Source: Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler. The text above is from the so-called "Bliss Copy," one of several versions which Lincoln wrote, and believed to be the final version. For additional versions, you may search The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln through the courtesy of the Abraham Lincoln Association.
Related
Links
Battlefield
Map (Library of Congress)
Civil War
Institute (Gettysburg College)
Gettysburg Address Essay Contest (Lincoln Fellowship of
Pennsylvania)
Gettysburg Address
Exhibit (Library of Congress)
Gettysburg Address Eyewitness (National Public Radio)
Gettysburg Address News Article (New York Times)
Gettysburg Address Teacher Resource (C-SPAN)
Gettysburg Civil War Photographs (Library of Congress)
Gettysburg Discussion
Group/Lincoln Room (Bob & Dennis Lawrence)
Gettysburg Events
(NPS)
Gettysburg National Military Park
(NPS)
Letter
of Invitation to Lincoln (Library of Congress)
Lincoln
at Gettysburg
Lincoln
at Gettysburg Photo Tour
Lincoln Fellowship of Pennsylvania
Lincoln's
Invitation to Stay Overnight (Library of Congress)
Lincoln's
Letter from Edward Everett (Library of Congress)
Photograph
of Lincoln at Gettysburg (Library of Congress)
Reading of the Gettysburg Address (NPR)
Recollections
of Lincoln at Gettysburg (Bob Cooke)
Response
to a Serenade
Seminary Ridge Historic
Preservation Foundation
The Gettysburg
Powerpoint Presentation (Peter Norvig)
Wills
House
Related Books
Graham, Kent. November:
Lincoln's Elegy at Gettysburg. Indiana University Press, 2001.
Hoch, Bradley R. and Boritt, Gabor S. The
Lincoln Trail in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania State University Press,
2001.
Kunhardt, Philip B., Jr. A New Birth of Freedom - Lincoln at Gettysburg. Boston: Little, Brown, 1983.
Wills, Garry. Lincoln
at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America. Touchstone Books, 1993.
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